|
Copper
DESCRIPTION
Copper is located throughout
the body, incorporated into organic complexes, such as enzymes
involved in brain function and the Circulatory System.
FUNCTIONS
Copper is in itself an oxidant,
yet in the body it has an antioxidant function by being a
participant in the enzyme superoxide dismutase (S.O.D.). This
enzyme protects the cells from the damage caused by free radicals
and peroxides.
Copper is also part of the
protein, ceruloplasmin, found in the blood plasma. Ceruloplasmin
regulates the level of certain hormones in the blood and is
also required for the formation of red blood cells.
Additionally, copper plays
a part in energy production, melanin (Skin pigment) formation
and fatty acid oxidation.
DEFICIENCY
The risk of heart and circulatory
problems is increased with copper deficiency, especially if
accompanied by a deficiency of Selenium. This is probably
because the enzymes gluthathione peroxidase and superoxide
dismutase are restricted in their action, allowing free radicals
to go unchecked.
Copper deficiency can also
contribute to Anaemia, bone diseases, nervous system disturbance
and hair loss. In children, growth is inhibited and the bones
may become brittle.
REQUIREMENTS
Upper safe level for daily
supplementation: = 5mg
There is no EC Recommended
Daily Allowance for copper.
The British RNI (Reference
Nutrient Intake) is 1.2mg for adults, with higher amounts
required by lactating women.
SUPPLEMENTAL USES
A copper supplement may
be necessary when high dose Zinc is being taken, as this may
deplete copper. Copper is also necessary in Menke’s
syndrome (a rare genetic disease characterised by the inability
to absorb copper) (1). However in this condition, copper injections
are often prescribed.
Copper may be useful in
combating inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid Arthritis
and osteoarthritis (2).
SAFETY
High intakes of copper are
toxic, but chronic copper intoxication has not been reported
in the U.K. In the U.S.A. and West Germany, copper toxicity
has been associated with water contaminated with over 1.6mg
copper per litre.
INTERACTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS
Wilson’s disease:
Copper should not be taken by sufferers of this genetic disorder.
FOOD SOURCES
Food (mg/100g)
Oyster 7.6
Whelks 7.2
Lamb’s liver 6.0
Crab 4.8
Brewer’s yeast 3.3
Olives 1.6
Hazelnuts 1.4
Shrimps 0.8
Cod 0.6
Bread, wholemeal 0.25
Peas 0.2
Non-food sources of copper
include copper pipes (especially those carrying soft water)
and copper cooking/food-processing equipment.
REFERENCES
1. Kaler SG. Diagnosis
and therapy of Menkes syndrome, a genetic form of copper deficiency.
Am J Clin Nutr ,67;5 suppl:1029S-1034S, 1998.
2. "Handbook of Dietary Supplements", Pamela Mason,
Blackwell Science, 1995.
|
